pepa muka waro kikokore
Ko ngā kapa mātāpuna karbona tāwhaihu he whakapapa hou i te pūkaha o ngā tāpoi, e kōwhiringa ana i te kaha whakapākehātanga ki te pāpaku rawa. Ko ēnei kapa hou hoki te whanaketia mā te rautaki pīroiroi e whakarārangi ai i ngā kiri karbona ki ngā tauānga tūtohu, waihanga ana i tētahi tāpoi e whakakaha ai i te tauānga kaha ki te pāpaku e pā ana ki te maha o ngā tāpoi tawhito. Ko te nuinga o ngā kapa e neke ake ana i te 0.2mm ki te 3mm te rahi, e whakamahia ai hoki ki ngā whakamahinga maha. Ko tōna hanganga ko ngā kiri karbona maha e kuhu ana ki te kaha whakakaha, e whakaputangia ai tētahi tāpoi e whakakaha ai i te kaha tōtara me te kaha whakapae. Whakapono ana ēnei kapa ki te aukati i ngā āhuatanga taiao, tae atu ki te kaiwhakarewa me te rerekētanga o te wāhi noho, i te wa e tiaki ana i te kaha o te hanganga. I ngā whakamahinga hāpori, ko ngā kapa karbona tāwhaihu e whakamahia nui ana ki ngā wāhanga hauropi, ngā wāhanga motukā, me ngā taputapu hākinakina kaha. Ko ngā āhua whakapākehātanga o te tāpoi e pai ana mō ngā whakamahinga e hiahiatia ana te kaha, te pāpaku, me te otinga o te rahi. I tua atu, ka taea hoki ēnei kapa te whakarerekētia ngā tikanga maha, tae atu ki te tapa, te ruwhā, me ngā tini whakaritenga, kia rite ki ngā whakamahinga motuhake. Ko tōna whakapae i te wera me ngā āhua whakamaru i te whakapae hiko e whakarahi ake ana i tana whakamahinga ki ngā taputapu hiko me ngā whakamahinga whakahaere wera.
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